With sufficient preparation, privacy-preserving yet precise analyses of risk that would inform public health measures, based on digital contact tracing, could be performed within weeks of a new pathogen emerging. Households accounted for about 6% of contacts but 40% of transmissions. While most exposures were short (median 0.7 hours, IQR 0.4-1.6), transmissions typically resulted from exposures lasting one hour to several days (median 6 hours, IQR 1.4-28). The probability of transmission confirmed by a reported positive test increased initially linearly with duration of exposure (1.1% per hour) and continued increasing over several days. Longer exposures at greater distances had similar risk to shorter exposures at closer distances. Empirical metrics and statistical modelling showed a strong relation between app-computed risk scores and actual transmission probability. Here we analysed 7 million contacts notified by the NHS COVID-19 app 6,7 in England and Wales to infer how app measurements translated to actual transmissions. Contacts - individuals exposed to confirmed cases - were notified according to public health policies such as the 2-metre 15-minute guideline 4,5, despite limited evidence supporting this threshold. Contact tracing apps 1,2 recorded measurements of proximity 3 and duration between nearby smartphones. How likely is it to become infected by SARS-CoV-2 after being exposed? Virtually everyone has wondered about this question during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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